Liver resection for colorectal cancer liver metastases
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1004583Keywords:
colorectal cancer, secondary liver tumors, liver resectionAbstract
Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment of colorectal cancer liver metastases. Important change in the surgical treatment of colorectal cancer liver metastases took place in the last two decades. Due to advancement in diagnostic methods more patients can be surgically treated in the earlier phase of disease and advancement in surgical technique and the development of new surgical instruments enabled safer complex resections with minimal blood loss. Because of complex liver vascular supply, thorough knowledge of inner hepatic anatomy is of utmost importance for performing resections. Indications for liver resection in patients with colorectal cancer metastases underwent fundamental changes so today the number, size and distribution of metastases in the liver are no longer important. The only contraindication for liver resection is the inability to preserve sufficient volume of functional liver parenchyma after resection that enables more patients to undergo potentially curative surgical treatment. In patients with initially inoperable liver metastases there are other methods for destruction of liver metastases, such as radiofrequency ablation or high-intensity focused ultrasound, and regenerative capability of the liver enables repeated surgical procedures with five year survival that reaches 40%. Bleeding during liver resection, that was a major problem in the past, has been nowadays reduced to minimum with techniques such as reducing central venous pressure, new devices for liver resection and the usage of local hemostatics.
References
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18. Pawlik TM, Scoggins CR, Zorzi D, Abdalla EK, Andres A, Eng C, Curley SA, Loyer EM, Muratore A, Mentha G, Capussotti L, Vauthey JN. Effect of surgical margin status on survival and site of recurrence after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. Ann Surg. 2005;241(5):715-722, discussion 722-714.
19. Scheele J, Stang R, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Paul M. Resection of colorectal liver metastases. World Journal of Surgery. 1995;19(1):59-71.
20. Abdalla EK, Barnett CC, Doherty D, Curley SA, Vauthey JN. Extended hepatectomy in patients with hepatobiliary malignancies with and without preoperative portal vein embolization. Archives of Surgery. 2002;137(6):675-681.
21. Vauthey JN, Chaoui A, Do KA, Bilimoria MM, Fenstermacher MJ, Charnsangavej C, Hicks M, Alsfasser G, Lauwers G, Hawkins IF, Caridi J. Standardized measurement of the future liver remnant prior to extended liver resection: Methodology and clinical associations. Surgery. 2000;127(5):512-519.
22. Adam R, Laurent A, Azoulay D, Castaing D, Bismuth H. Two-stage hepatectomy: A planned strategy to treat irresectable liver tumors. Ann Surg. 2000;232(6):777-785.
23. Jaeck D, Oussoultzoglou E, Rosso E, Greget M, Weber JC, Bachellier P. A two-stage hepatectomy procedure combined with portal vein embolization to achieve curative resection for initially unresectable multiple and bilobar colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg. 2004;240(6):1037-1049; discussion 1049-1051.
24. Cai GX, Cai SJ. Multi-modality treatment of colorectal liver metastases. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(1):16-24. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i1.16.
25. Liu CL, Fan ST, Cheung ST, Lo CM, Ng IO, Wong J. Anterior approach versus conventional approach right hepatic resection for large hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized controlled study. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):194-203. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000225095.18754.45.
26. Lin TY. A simplified technique for hepatic resection: The crush method. Annals of Surgery. 1974;180(3):285-290.
27. Takayama T, Makuuchi M, Kubota K, Harihara Y, Hui AM, Sano K, Ijichi M, Hasegawa K. Randomized comparison of ultrasonic vs clamp transection of the liver. Archives of Surgery. 2001;136(8):922-928.
28. Papachristou DN, Barters R. Resection of the liver with a water jet. British Journal of Surgery. 1982;69(2):93-94.
29. Patrlj L, Tuorto S, Fong Y. Combined blunt-clamp dissection and LigaSure ligation for hepatic parenchyma dissection: postcoagulation technique. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210(1):39-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2009.09.035.
30. Lantis JC, II, Durville FM, Connolly R, Schwaitzberg SD. Comparison of coagulation modalities in surgery. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 1998;8(6):381-394.
31. Tou S, Malik AI, Wexner SD, Nelson RL. Energy source instruments for laparoscopic colectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(5):CD007886. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007886.pub2.
32. Harrell AG, Kercher KW, Heniford BT. Energy sources in laparoscopy. Semin Laparosc Surg. 2004;11(3):201-209.
33. Kennedy JS, Stranahan PL, Taylor KD, Chandler JG. High-burst-strength, feedback-controlled bipolar vessel sealing. Surg Endosc. 1998;12(6):876-878.
34. Heniford BT, Matthews BD, Sing RF, Backus C, Pratt B, Greene FL. Initial results with an electrothermal bipolar vessel sealer. Surg Endosc. 2001;15(8):799-801. doi: 10.1007/s004640080025.
35. Landman J, Kerbl K, Rehman J, Andreoni C, Humphrey PA, Collyer W, Olweny E, Sundaram C, Clayman RV. Evaluation of a vessel sealing system, bipolar electrosurgery, harmonic scalpel, titanium clips, endoscopic gastrointestinal anastomosis vascular staples and sutures for arterial and venous ligation in a porcine model. J Urol. 2003;169(2):697-700. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000045160.87700.32.
36. Melendez JA, Arslan V, Fischer ME, Wuest D, Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, Blumgart LH. Perioperative outcomes of major hepatic resections under low central venous pressure anesthesia: Blood loss, blood transfusion, and the risk of postoperative renal dysfunction. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1998;187(6):620-625.
37. Bhattacharya S, Jackson DJ, Beard CI, Davidson BR, Jones RM, Moulton CE, Hardy KJ. Central venous pressure and its effects on blood loss during liver resection (multiple letters) [4]. British Journal of Surgery. 1999;86(2):282-283.
38. Pringle JH. Notes on the arrest of hepatic hemorrhage due to trauma. Ann Surg. 1908;48:541-549.
39. Huguet C, Gavelli A, Chieco PA, Bona S, Harb J, Joseph JM, Jobard J, Gramaglia M, Lasserre M. Liver ischemia for hepatic resection: Where is the limit? Surgery. 1992;111(3):251-259.
40. Clavien PA, Yadav S, Sindram D, Bentley RC. Protective effects of ischemic preconditioning for liver resection performed under inflow occlusion in humans. Annals of Surgery. 2000;232(2):155-162.
41. Kimura F, Miyazaki M, Suwa T, Sugiura T, Shinoda T, Itoh H, Nakagawa K, Ambiru S, Shimizu H, Yoshitome H. Evaluation of total hepatic vascular exclusion and Pringle maneuver in liver resection. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2002;49(43):225-230.
42. Lesurtel M, Selzner M, Petrowsky H, McCormack L, Clavien PA. How should transection of the liver be performed?: a prospective randomized study in 100 consecutive patients: comparing four different transection strategies. Ann Surg. 2005;242(6):814-822, discussion 822-813.
43. Berrevoet F, de Hemptinne B. Use of topical hemostatic agents during liver resection. Dig Surg. 2007;24(4):288-293. doi: 10.1159/000103660.
2. Strnad M. Zloćudne novotvorine. In: Vorko-Jović A, Strnad M, Rudan I, editors. Epidemiologija kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti. Zagreb: Medicinska naklada; 2010. p. 117-146.
3. Jatzko GR, Lisborg PH, Stettner HM, Klimpfinger MH. Hepatic resection for metastases from colorectal carcinoma--a survival analysis. Eur J Cancer. 1995;31A(1):41-46.
4. Doko M, Zovak M, Ledinsky M, Mijic A, Peric M, Kopljar M, Culinovic R, Rode B, Doko B. Safety of simultaneous resections of colorectal cancer and liver metastases. Coll Antropol. 2000;24(2):381-390.
5. Škegro M. Kirurgija jetre. In: Šoša T, Sutlić Z, Stanec Z, Tonković I, editors. Kirurgija. Zagreb: Naklada Ljevak; 2007. p. 536-550.
6. Jaffe BM, Donegan WL, Watson F, Spratt Jr JS. Factors influencing survival in patients with untreated hepatic metastases. Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1968;127(1):1-11.
7. Bengmark S, Hafström L. The natural history of primary and secondary malignant tumors of the liver. I. The prognosis for patients with hepatic metastases from colonic and rectal carcinoma by laparotomy. Cancer. 1969;23(1):198-202.
8. De Brauw LM, Van De Velde CJH, Bouwhuis-Hoogerwerf ML, Zwaveling A. Diagnostic evaluation and survival analysis of colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases. Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1987;34(2):81-86.
9. Iwatsuki S, Esquivel CO, Gordon RD, Starzl TE. Liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. Surgery. 1986;100(4):804-810.
10. Ferrero A, Viganò L, Polastri R, Muratore A, Eminefendic H, Regge D, Capussotti L. Postoperative liver dysfunction and future remnant liver: Where is the limit? Results of a prospective study. World Journal of Surgery. 2007;31(8):1643-1651.
11. Pawlik TM, Olino K, Gleisner AL, Torbenson M, Schulick R, Choti MA. Preoperative chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases: impact on hepatic histology and postoperative outcome. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11(7):860-868. doi: 10.1007/s11605-007-0149-4.
12. Shiffman ML, Brown RS, Jr., Olthoff KM, Everson G, Miller C, Siegler M, Hoofnagle JH. Living donor liver transplantation: summary of a conference at The National Institutes of Health. Liver Transpl. 2002;8(2):174-188. doi: 10.1053/jlts.2002.30981.
13. Garden OJ, Rees M, Poston GJ, Mirza D, Saunders M, Ledermann J, Primrose JN, Parks RW. Guidelines for resection of colorectal cancer liver metastases. Gut. 2006;55 Suppl 3:iii1-8. doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.098053.
14. Choti MA, Sitzmann JV, Tiburi MF, Sumetchotimetha W, Rangsin R, Schulick RD, Lillemoe KD, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL. Trends in long-term survival following liver resection for hepatic colorectal metastases. Annals of Surgery. 2002;235(6):759-766.
15. Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun RL, Brennan MF, Blumgart LH. Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. Ann Surg. 1999;230(3):309-318; discussion 318-321.
16. Petrowsky H, Gonen M, Jarnagin W, Lorenz M, DeMatteo R, Heinrich S, Encke A, Blumgart L, Fong Y. Second liver resections are safe and effective treatment for recurrent hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: a bi-institutional analysis. Ann Surg. 2002;235(6):863-871.
17. Ekberg H, Tranberg KG, Andersson R. Determinants of survival in liver resection for colorectal secondaries. British Journal of Surgery. 1986;73(9):727-731.
18. Pawlik TM, Scoggins CR, Zorzi D, Abdalla EK, Andres A, Eng C, Curley SA, Loyer EM, Muratore A, Mentha G, Capussotti L, Vauthey JN. Effect of surgical margin status on survival and site of recurrence after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. Ann Surg. 2005;241(5):715-722, discussion 722-714.
19. Scheele J, Stang R, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Paul M. Resection of colorectal liver metastases. World Journal of Surgery. 1995;19(1):59-71.
20. Abdalla EK, Barnett CC, Doherty D, Curley SA, Vauthey JN. Extended hepatectomy in patients with hepatobiliary malignancies with and without preoperative portal vein embolization. Archives of Surgery. 2002;137(6):675-681.
21. Vauthey JN, Chaoui A, Do KA, Bilimoria MM, Fenstermacher MJ, Charnsangavej C, Hicks M, Alsfasser G, Lauwers G, Hawkins IF, Caridi J. Standardized measurement of the future liver remnant prior to extended liver resection: Methodology and clinical associations. Surgery. 2000;127(5):512-519.
22. Adam R, Laurent A, Azoulay D, Castaing D, Bismuth H. Two-stage hepatectomy: A planned strategy to treat irresectable liver tumors. Ann Surg. 2000;232(6):777-785.
23. Jaeck D, Oussoultzoglou E, Rosso E, Greget M, Weber JC, Bachellier P. A two-stage hepatectomy procedure combined with portal vein embolization to achieve curative resection for initially unresectable multiple and bilobar colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg. 2004;240(6):1037-1049; discussion 1049-1051.
24. Cai GX, Cai SJ. Multi-modality treatment of colorectal liver metastases. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(1):16-24. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i1.16.
25. Liu CL, Fan ST, Cheung ST, Lo CM, Ng IO, Wong J. Anterior approach versus conventional approach right hepatic resection for large hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized controlled study. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):194-203. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000225095.18754.45.
26. Lin TY. A simplified technique for hepatic resection: The crush method. Annals of Surgery. 1974;180(3):285-290.
27. Takayama T, Makuuchi M, Kubota K, Harihara Y, Hui AM, Sano K, Ijichi M, Hasegawa K. Randomized comparison of ultrasonic vs clamp transection of the liver. Archives of Surgery. 2001;136(8):922-928.
28. Papachristou DN, Barters R. Resection of the liver with a water jet. British Journal of Surgery. 1982;69(2):93-94.
29. Patrlj L, Tuorto S, Fong Y. Combined blunt-clamp dissection and LigaSure ligation for hepatic parenchyma dissection: postcoagulation technique. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210(1):39-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2009.09.035.
30. Lantis JC, II, Durville FM, Connolly R, Schwaitzberg SD. Comparison of coagulation modalities in surgery. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 1998;8(6):381-394.
31. Tou S, Malik AI, Wexner SD, Nelson RL. Energy source instruments for laparoscopic colectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(5):CD007886. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007886.pub2.
32. Harrell AG, Kercher KW, Heniford BT. Energy sources in laparoscopy. Semin Laparosc Surg. 2004;11(3):201-209.
33. Kennedy JS, Stranahan PL, Taylor KD, Chandler JG. High-burst-strength, feedback-controlled bipolar vessel sealing. Surg Endosc. 1998;12(6):876-878.
34. Heniford BT, Matthews BD, Sing RF, Backus C, Pratt B, Greene FL. Initial results with an electrothermal bipolar vessel sealer. Surg Endosc. 2001;15(8):799-801. doi: 10.1007/s004640080025.
35. Landman J, Kerbl K, Rehman J, Andreoni C, Humphrey PA, Collyer W, Olweny E, Sundaram C, Clayman RV. Evaluation of a vessel sealing system, bipolar electrosurgery, harmonic scalpel, titanium clips, endoscopic gastrointestinal anastomosis vascular staples and sutures for arterial and venous ligation in a porcine model. J Urol. 2003;169(2):697-700. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000045160.87700.32.
36. Melendez JA, Arslan V, Fischer ME, Wuest D, Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, Blumgart LH. Perioperative outcomes of major hepatic resections under low central venous pressure anesthesia: Blood loss, blood transfusion, and the risk of postoperative renal dysfunction. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1998;187(6):620-625.
37. Bhattacharya S, Jackson DJ, Beard CI, Davidson BR, Jones RM, Moulton CE, Hardy KJ. Central venous pressure and its effects on blood loss during liver resection (multiple letters) [4]. British Journal of Surgery. 1999;86(2):282-283.
38. Pringle JH. Notes on the arrest of hepatic hemorrhage due to trauma. Ann Surg. 1908;48:541-549.
39. Huguet C, Gavelli A, Chieco PA, Bona S, Harb J, Joseph JM, Jobard J, Gramaglia M, Lasserre M. Liver ischemia for hepatic resection: Where is the limit? Surgery. 1992;111(3):251-259.
40. Clavien PA, Yadav S, Sindram D, Bentley RC. Protective effects of ischemic preconditioning for liver resection performed under inflow occlusion in humans. Annals of Surgery. 2000;232(2):155-162.
41. Kimura F, Miyazaki M, Suwa T, Sugiura T, Shinoda T, Itoh H, Nakagawa K, Ambiru S, Shimizu H, Yoshitome H. Evaluation of total hepatic vascular exclusion and Pringle maneuver in liver resection. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2002;49(43):225-230.
42. Lesurtel M, Selzner M, Petrowsky H, McCormack L, Clavien PA. How should transection of the liver be performed?: a prospective randomized study in 100 consecutive patients: comparing four different transection strategies. Ann Surg. 2005;242(6):814-822, discussion 822-813.
43. Berrevoet F, de Hemptinne B. Use of topical hemostatic agents during liver resection. Dig Surg. 2007;24(4):288-293. doi: 10.1159/000103660.
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2017-03-30
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Kashwa, J. (2017). Liver resection for colorectal cancer liver metastases. BioMedicine and Surgery, 1(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1004583
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